Structural reliability or the reliability of structures is the application of reliability theory to the behavior of structures. The desired reliability, statistical confidence, and risk levels for each side influence the ultimate test plan. There are a few key elements of this definition: Quantitative requirements are specified using reliability parameters. Also, it should allow test results to be captured in a practical way. If the same result can be consistently achieved by using the same methods under the same circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable. For example, you might try to weigh a bowl of flour on a kitchen scale. Reliability engineering relates closely to Quality Engineering, safety engineering and system safety, in that they use common methods for their analysis and may require input from each other. Reliability often plays the key role in the cost-effectiveness of systems. The Software Engineering Institute's capability maturity model is a common means of assessing the overall software development process for reliability and quality purposes. Establish quality and reliability requirements for suppliers. Other software metrics, such as complexity, are also used. Although it deals with unwanted failures in the same sense as reliability engineering, it, however, has less of a focus on direct costs, and is not concerned with post-failure repair actions. Another common design technique is component derating: i.e. To assess reliability approaches used are test-retest, internal consistency methods, and alternative forms. Compare this problem with the continuous (re-)balancing of, for example, lower-level-system mass requirements in the development of an aircraft, which is already often a big undertaking. Some systems are prohibitively expensive to test; some failure modes may take years to observe; some complex interactions result in a huge number of possible test cases; and some tests require the use of limited test ranges or other resources. New York, NY, RCM II, Reliability Centered Maintenance, Second edition 2008, page 250-260, the role of Actuarial analysis in Reliability, Saleh, J.H. Dependable Sec. epidural anaesthesia after Harrington fusion are reviewed. The most common reliability parameter is the mean time to failure (MTTF), which can also be specified as the failure rate (this is expressed as a frequency or conditional probability density function (PDF)) or the number of failures during a given period. Systems of any significant complexity are developed by organizations of people, such as a commercial company or a government agency. ISO 9000 added reliability measures as part of the design and development portion of certification. Reliability testing may be performed at various levels, such as component, subsystem and system. Reliability engineering is concerned with overall minimisation of failures that could lead to financial losses for the responsible entity, whereas safety engineering focuses on minimising a specific set of failure types that in general could lead to loss of life, injury or damage to equipment. Reliability is further divided into mission reliability and logistics reliability. The complexity of the technical systems such as improvements of design and materials, planned inspections, fool-proof design, and backup redundancy decreases risk and increases the cost. In practice, most failures can be traced back to some type of human error, for example in: However, humans are also very good at detecting such failures, correcting for them, and improvising when abnormal situations occur. A main application for reliability engineering in the military was for the vacuum tube as used in radar systems and other electronics, for which reliability proved to be very problematic and costly. due to over-stressed components or manufacturing issues) is far more likely to lead to improvement in the designs and processes used[4] than quantifying "when" a failure is likely to occur (e.g. The main objective of an accelerated test is either of the following: An Accelerated testing program can be broken down into the following steps: Common ways to determine a life stress relationship are: Software reliability is a special aspect of reliability engineering. [24][25] In structural reliability studies both loads and resistances are modeled as probabilistic variables. In such cases, the reliability engineer works for the project day-to-day, but is actually employed and paid by a separate organization within the company. This is a broad misunderstanding about Reliability Requirements Engineering. and redundancy without the drawback of having to calculate parity. [29] Defects that appear over time are referred to as reliability fallout. In cases where manufacturing variances can be effectively reduced, six sigma tools have been shown to be useful to find optimal process solutions which can increase quality and reliability. Because it looks at odd vs. even response of the same test, split-half reliability can yield a spuriously high reliability coefficient, especially on tests where speed is a factor. This constraint is necessary because it is impossible to design a system for unlimited conditions. Reliability refers to how consistently a method measures something. Correct use of language can also be key to identifying or reducing the risks of human error, which are often the root cause of many failures. With each test both a statistical type 1 and type 2 error could be made and depends on sample size, test time, assumptions and the needed discrimination ratio. Six Sigma may also help to design products that are more robust to manufacturing induced failures and infant mortality defects in engineering systems and manufactured product. Definitions of associated terms, a structured approach to the logging of data for proper evaluation are provided. It is used in both the design and maintenance of different types of structures including concrete and steel structures. If a subway system is unavailable the subway operator will lose money for each hour the system is down. Edition, AuthorHouse. For part level predictions, two separate fields of investigation are common: Reliability is defined as the probability that a device will perform its intended function during a specified period of time under stated conditions. Many engineering programs offer reliability courses, and some universities have entire reliability engineering programs. A key aspect of reliability testing is to define "failure". medical or insurance industries less effective. The property of ignorance of intent allows an instrument to be simultaneously reliable and invalid. The software development plan describes the design and coding standards, peer reviews, unit tests, configuration management, software metrics and software models to be used during software development. The 12 elements of effective reliability management are: 1. Some universities offer graduate degrees in reliability engineering. The combination of required reliability level and required confidence level greatly affects the development cost and the risk to both the customer and producer. This probability is estimated from detailed (physics of failure) analysis, previous data sets or through reliability testing and reliability modelling. Since the widespread use of digital integrated circuit technology, software has become an increasingly critical part of most electronics and, hence, nearly all present day systems. Reliability applies to a specified period of time. The general conclusion is drawn that an accurate and absolute prediction – by either field-data comparison or testing – of reliability is in most cases not possible. For software, the CMM model (Capability Maturity Model) was developed, which gave a more qualitative approach to reliability. Whether only availability or also cost of ownership is more important depends on the use of the system. What is Reliability? PART 1: Issue 5: Management Responsibilities and Requirements for Programmes and Plans, PART 4: (ARMP-4)Issue 2: Guidance for Writing NATO R&M Requirements Documents, PART 7 (ARMP-7) Issue 1: NATO R&M Terminology Applicable to ARMP's, PART 1: Issue 1: ONE-SHOT DEVICES/SYSTEMS, PART 5: Issue 1: IN-SERVICE RELIABILITY DEMONSTRATIONS, PART 2: Issue 1: IN-SERVICE MAINTAINABILITY DEMONSTRATIONS, PART 1: Issue 2: MAINTENANCE DATA & DEFECT REPORTING IN THE ROYAL NAVY, THE ARMY AND THE ROYAL AIR FORCE, PART 2: Issue 1: DATA CLASSIFICATION AND INCIDENT SENTENCING—GENERAL, PART 4: Issue 1: INCIDENT SENTENCING—LAND, This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 16:56. Restoring software to its original state only works until the same combination of inputs and states results in the same unintended result. Also, many factors must be addressed during testing and operation, such as extreme temperature and humidity, shock, vibration, or other environmental factors (like loss of signal, cooling or power; or other catastrophes such as fire, floods, excessive heat, physical or security violations or other myriad forms of damage or degradation). For example, aircraft may use triple modular redundancy for flight computers and control surfaces (including occasionally different modes of operation e.g. The degree to which a system, subsystem or equipment is in a specified operable and committable state at the start of a mission, when the mission is called for at an unknown, i.e. References 2 due to human error or mechanical, electrical, and chemical factors). Reliability is more targeted towards clients who are focused on failures throughout the whole life of the product such as the military, airlines or railroads. At the failure rate ( a frequency of occurrence ) and mission time for systems... 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